In contrast, modern Hindi emerged in the nineteenth century to meet a different need: for a linguistic medium that would allow communication with and among a wider section of the North Indian population, which in the case of Urdu was possible in practice. Urdu, which was a specialization of the mixed dialect of the Delhi region before Hindi, gained popularity as a language, largely due to the increasing artificiality in the use of Persian for literary and other formal purposes in Indo-Muslim circles. One is likely similar to modern Hindi at the colloquial level while expressing a distinctly Persian cultural orientation at the more literary levels. Modern Hindi co-exists in the region with regional variants of the dialect and several local dialects, as well as Urdu, which is a complementary style of the language: The term ‘modern Hindi’ refers to a language written in the Devanagari script and relatively standardized in its written form (but less so in pronunciation and oral use) that is in common use today in much of north and central India.
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